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Gutierre Fernández de Castro (flourished 1124–66) was a nobleman and military commander from the Kingdom of Castile. His career in royal service corresponds exactly with the reigns of Alfonso VII (1126–57) and his son Sancho III (1157–58). He served Alfonso as a courtier after 1134 and as majordomo (1135–38). He was the guardian and tutor the young Sancho III from 1145. Before his death he was also briefly the guardian of Sancho's infant son, Alfonso VIII. Gutierre took part in several military campaigns of reconquest against the Almoravid Emirate to the south of Castile. In 1139, on the king's orders, he began the successful Siege of Oreja. More often he was occupied defending the eastern frontier from invasion by Aragon or Navarre, and for this purpose the king invested him with many royal fiefs in this region. Towards the end of his life Gutierre was the elder statesman of the Castro family, and he died before his family's rivalry with the Laras developed into open civil war early in the reign of Alfonso VIII. Despite his high standing at court and his illustrious military career, Gutierre was never promoted to the rank of a count, which was the highest title borne by the Castilian aristocracy in the twelfth century. ==Family and early life== Gutierre, who could not have been born much earlier than 1100, was the eldest son of Fernando García de Hita and his first wife, Tegridia Martínez, a relative of the powerful Count Pedro Ansúrez. He had one full brother, Rodrigo Fernández. Gutierre was probably the elder brother. After 1125 their father, Fernando, disappears from the record. Although his death is not recorded, his sons went without him to make their submission to the new king, Alfonso VII, in 1126, after the death of Queen Urraca. According to the ''Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris'' ("Chronicle of the Emperor Alfonso"), a contemporary history of Alfonso's reign, Gutierre and Rodrigo were accompanied not by their father, but by their uncle, García Garcés de Aza. Although some authors have suggested that Gutierre was an upstart, both he and his brother obtained advantageous marriages to daughters of the highest nobility years before rising to prominence at the royal court and were evidently considered high-born. In the early 1120s, Gutierre married a woman from the county of Álava, Toda Díaz, daughter of Diego Sánchez, and Enderquina Álvarez, the daughter of Álvar Díaz de Oca and Teresa Ordóñez. She was born before 1109, since by that year her father was dead. On 5 November 1124, Gutierre and Toda received half of the lands owned by her grandmother, Teresa, at Quintanilla Rodano, Quintana Fortuno and Sotopalacios. In 1125, Gutierre and his wife promulgated a ''fuero'' (a feudal statute) governing their estate at San Cebrián de Campos. It is the only preserved non-royal ''fuero'' from the reign of Urraca. The ''fuero'' enumerated the tenants' liabilities. They owed various services (''sernas'') two days a month on the demesne. These included ploughing, reaping, threshing, digging and pruning. Their lord was to provide them with bread and wine during their every ''serna'', but he only owed them meat on eight of the twenty-four ''sernas'' during the year. Tenants had to provide ''mandadería'' (messenger duty) once a year at most. If the message took more than one day to deliver, the lord would provide food. The penalty for failure to provide services was a fine. Besides San Cebrián, Gutierre held land at Castrojeriz, his family's "traditional stronghold", where his father and mother had held substantial properties and whence the family derived its name. He also owned land at Arconada. There is some confusion between Gutierre de Castro and an earlier Gutierre Fernández (flourished 1089–1117), who was Queen Urraca's majordomo. The medievalist Agustín Ubieto Arteta maintains that Gutierre was a page or squire (Latin ''armiger'', perhaps ''alférez'') to King Alfonso VI (1065–1109), which is chronologically impossible. He says that he served Queen Urraca as majordomo and was a tutor to a young Alfonso VII, but in this he is confusing the head of the Castro with the earlier Gutierre. The American historian Bernard Reilly also confuses the majordomo of Alfonso VII with the earlier majordomo of Urraca. Early modern historians, like Esteban de Garibay y Zamalloa and Prudencio de Sandoval, also confused the two, having been misled by thirteenth- and fourteenth-century historians. The earliest of these, Lucas of Tuy, says that shortly after 1100, King Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre attacked the church of San Isidoro de León in order to take its precious stones and gold and silver treasures, but the church was successfully defended by Gutierre Fernández, the "heir of Castile" (''heredero de Castilla''). Although Lucas believed this person to be Gutierre de Castro, it is chronologically impossible, since the latter would have been only a young child at most. Shortly after Lucas wrote, Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, in his ''Historia de rebus Hispaniae'' ("History of Spanish Things"), says that Gutierre Fernández de Castro and Gómez González de Manzanedo defended the rights of the magnates against Count Pedro González de Lara, the lover of Queen Urraca. Elaborating on the story of Rodrigo Jiménez a century later, the ''Primera Crónica General'' ("First General Chronicle") associates Gutierre with proclaiming Alfonso VII king in opposition to his mother, Urraca, although that was done by Count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gutierre Fernández de Castro」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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